Theories

Group work and communication are critical elements of any community work. While on the surface, it looks easy enough, many community workers are often caught off-guard by the complexities involved. Thankfully, these are things that have been studied for decades and, as such, there are many theories and strategies which can help.  

The most widely known group theory is that of Bruce Tuckman’s’ Lifecycle of Groups. 

Tuckman realised that groups go through different stages in their lifetime. 

• Forming – This stage can be frustrating. Some would rather leave than wait for things to settle. It can also be an exciting time for people as they venture into new ground. 
• Storming – This stage can brew some tension and hostility in the group which can also cause people to leave. Fall-outs can occur due to leadership contests. Stronger relationships may be built as well as renewed determination to make the group successful. 

• Norming – This stage is when the group settles into a routine. Leadership has been established, and groups tasks agreed.  
• Performing – This is the stage where the group is established. Some people may be happy and see no issues; some may see issues which need to be addressed; whereas others may be happy to go with the flow. 
• Adjourning/Mourning – This stage sees the end of the group. It may be for an individual leaving for personal reasons, or the group itself coming to an end. 

It is important to note that some groups may stay in one stage longer than others, and some may regress to a former stage.   

Communication is incredibly important. There are many theories and strategies to help facilitators with these. Daniel Goleman presented the theory of Emotional Intelligence (EQ). This consists of Interpersonal Skills: Skills used with others and always involves two or more people, and Intrapersonal Skills: Skills used for oneself. EQ is designed to help develop our self-awareness (what and why we feel something), self-management (handling our emotions in an effective way while still acknowledging them without being overwhelmed), empathy, and skills development.  

EQ can be used in conjunction with Johari’s Window, a useful communication tool. 

There are so many theories and strategies that can be used to aid a facilitator in group work and communication, I have noted a couple. Other theories or strategies you could look up include Edward de Bono’s Six Thinking Hats, John Adair’s Theory on Leadership, or Jacques Arc of Distortion.